How We Authenticate
Four stages, applied without exception to every item that passes through the firm.
1. Physical examination
Every item is examined under raking light and ultraviolet. Paper, binding, and typography are compared against documented exemplars held in the firm's reference library and in institutional collections.
2. Signature and inscription
Where a signature or inscription is present, it is compared against a minimum of three authenticated exemplars. Ink type, pen pressure, letter formation, and content are all assessed. Items with signatures that cannot be authenticated are returned without certificate.
3. Provenance
The chain of ownership is traced through auction records, dealer catalogues, bookplates, library stamps, and correspondence. Any break in the chain is disclosed in the certificate.
4. Certificate
A signed certificate of authentication is issued, recording the item, its condition, and its provenance. The certificate is published to the public Register and remains searchable in perpetuity.